The cranial appendage (headgear) is an iconic structure of modern ruminants, and four of the five extant pecoran families display morphological and physiological specialties. They probably share one origin from the same genetic basis, whereas the evolution of the cranial appendages is still debatable, especially in consideration of fossil taxa lacking headgear. Amphimoschus is an enigmatic pecoran that comprises no more than two species, mainly known from the late early/early middle Miocene of Western and Central Europe and considered not to possess any cranial appendages. Here, we present Amphimoschus xishuiensis sp. nov., discovered in the Tabenbuluk area, Gansu Province, China. The new species reveals the first evidence of cranial ornamentations in the genus, including a supraorbital bump, an antorbital protuberance and frontal thickening. In our phylogenetic analysis the genus was inferred as a basal member of the Bovoidea, and thus the cranial ornamentations of A. xishuiensis might provide insight into the early evolution of cranial appendages in Bovoidea. They could be interpreted as weapons to defend territories in intense intraspecific or interspecific competition during the late early Miocene.
DENG Tao
Acceleration is an important parameter to reflect the dynamics of slope. Fifteen acceleration sensors are arranged on the slope surface, lithological interface and inside the slope of the Xuelongnang counter-bedding rock model slope. An acceleration sensor is arranged on the shaking table to record the real acceleration state of the input seismic wave. The collected data are filteringed, noise reduction, screened and other processing steps to obtain the acceleration data set of the counter-bedding rock model slope; The peak values of the acceleration data of the model slope under the same load condition can reflect the dynamic response law of the slope under such seismic action, and the ratio of the peak acceleration on the slope to the peak acceleration on the table can reflect whether the slope is enhanced or attenuated at each location under the seismic action.
GUO Mingzhu
Acceleration is an important parameter to reflect the dynamics of slope. Twenty-two acceleration sensors are arranged on the slope surface, lithological interface and inside the slope of the Xiaguiwa bedding rock model slope. An acceleration sensor is arranged on the shaking table to record the real acceleration state of the input seismic wave. The collected data are filteringed, noise reduction, screened and other processing steps to obtain the acceleration data set of the bedding rock model slope; The peak values of the acceleration data of the model slope under the same load condition can reflect the dynamic response law of the slope under such seismic action, and the ratio of the peak acceleration on the slope to the peak acceleration on the table can reflect whether the slope is enhanced or attenuated at each location under the seismic action.
GUO Mingzhu
A total of two types of seismic waves are used as input in the test, one type is sinel wave; the other type is natural wave, and the natural wave is adopted from Wenchuan Maoxian wave. The sine wave amplitude and frequency are unique, so it can be used to study the influence of ground motion parameters on the dynamic response of slopes. By comparing the dynamic response of slopes under the action of sine waves with different frequencies and amplitudes, the influence of the input seismic wave parameters on the dynamic response of rock slopes is investigated; the natural waves are selected from the bedrock seismic waves recorded at the Maoxian station. The seismic wave input is loaded in a step-by-step manner, firstly loading the sine wave with low amplitude, and then loading the Wenchuan Maoxian wave with 0.1g increase, and after each loading, white noise is carried out to analyze the natural characteristics of the slope. After each loading was completed, 10 minutes were spent to take pictures and observe the damage of the slope.
GUO Mingzhu
Two types of seismic waves are used as dynamic inputs, one is synthetic waves, including sine waves and synthetic waves with different transcendence probabilities; the other is natural waves, selecting Wenchuan Wolong waves and Maoxian waves. The sine wave amplitude and frequency are unique, so they can be used to study the influence of ground motion parameters on the dynamic response of slopes; the natural waves are selected from the soil layer waves recorded at Wolong station and bedrock seismic waves recorded at Maoxian station during the Wenchuan earthquake, aiming to investigate the influence of different types of seismic wave inputs on the dynamic response of rock slopes by comparing the dynamic response law of slopes under the action of two types of seismic waves. White noise was performed after each loading to analyze the natural characteristics of the slope. A 10-minute stay after each loading was used to take pictures and observe the damage of the slope.
GUO Mingzhu
(1) Data content: This data set is based on the Xiaguiwa landslide in the Sanjiang basin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, reconstructing the bedding slope of the Xiaguiwa landslide; the bedding slope of the Xiaguiwa landslide is used as a reference for shaking table model tests, which is used to design the shaking table model test model and sensor layout diagram for the bedding rock slope, with a weak rock layer in the model slope, and the sensors deployed are acceleration sensors and velocity sensors, and the measured (2) Data source and processing method: The data set is drawn by Guo Mingzhu of Beijing University of Technology using CAD software. (3) The data provide reference for the subsequent shaking table model test implementation.
GUO Mingzhu
The dataset contains the continuous daily lake surface temperature of 160 Lakes (with an area of more than 40km2) in the Tibetan Plateau from 1978 to 2017. Firstly, an semi-physical lake model (air2water) based on energy balance was improved to realize the continuous simulation of lake surface temperature even during ice age. The impoved model was calibrated by lake surface temperature from MOD11A1 product. The correlation between the dataset and in-situ lake surface temperature of four lakes is higher than 0.9, and the root mean square errors are less than 2.5 ℃. The data set provides data support for understanding the water and heat balance , the process of aquatic ecosystem and its response to climate change of lakes in the Tibetan Plateau.
GUO Linan , WU Yanhong, ZHENG Hongxing , ZHANG Bing , WEN Mengxuan
1) Data content The experimental data of indoor weir plug instability model were collected in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province and Chengdu, Sichuan Province. The experimental analysis is mainly completed in the State Key Laboratory of geological disaster prevention and geological environment protection. The instruments used include moisture content sensor, high-speed camera, test water tank, etc. The collection time is 2019-2021 2) Data source: experimental analysis conducted by the State Key Laboratory of geological disaster prevention and geological environment protection Processing method: according to the actual particle composition of the weir plug body, the test soil with different particle sizes is screened out by a sieve analyzer, then evenly mixed together according to the weight proportion, stacked according to the predetermined size, and the sensor is buried at the fixed position. Open the valve to a constant flow of 0.25 L / s, and at the same time, open the water content sensor and two high-speed cameras for observation until the dam body is damaged and the remaining dam body is stable. After the experiment, all the experimental data were sorted and analyzed 3) The data are collected by correlation analysis instrument, which is true and reliable. 4) It can provide data support for revealing the disaster mechanism of wide moderate narrow and steep gully type debris flow in strong earthquake area; The data of maximum scouring depth, impact force, abrasion force and scouring and silting volume can provide reference for the design of debris flow disaster prevention and control engineering
余 斌
The data were collected from the debris flow model test system located in the plant area of Aosite Slope Protection Engineering Co., Ltd. in Qingbaijiang District, Chengdu. The system is a multifunctional large-scale test device designed and built independently, which can be used to simulate the surface dynamic mechanism and protection of geological disasters. Compared with the famous large-scale geological disaster dynamic process model test system built by the U.S. Geological Survey, the system can change the slope arbitrarily, and can observe the transformation of debris flow or debris flow flow state and structure from the side. Based on the test system, the instruments used in the pre experiment mainly include: data acquisition instrument, laser displacement sensor, impact force sensor, acceleration sensor, microseismic sensor, high-speed camera, camera, three-dimensional laser scanner and UAV.
ZHANG Shilin
This data records the construction process of large-scale physical model test platform for high-level and long-range geological hazards. The test platform is located in the plant area of Chengdu Qingbaijiang Aosite Slope Protection Engineering Co., Ltd. The system is a multifunctional large-scale test device designed and built independently, which can be used to simulate the surface dynamic mechanism and protection of geological disasters. Compared with the famous large-scale geological disaster dynamic process model test system built by the U.S. Geological Survey, the system can change the slope arbitrarily, and can observe the transformation of debris flow or debris flow flow state and structure from the side.
ZHANG Shilin
Through the self-developed debris flow impact test device (South African invention patent, authorized patent No. 2021 / 05607), the debris flow impact test is carried out and the debris flow impact test data are obtained. The data is mainly collected in Zaozhuang College from 2019 to 2021. The scientific device was used to construct the debris flow in Qipan gully in Wenchuan Strong earthquake area. The impact model test of debris flow was systematically carried out, and about 270000 test data were obtained, which provided important scientific data for the further study of debris flow dynamics in Qipan gully. The data includes the test data of debris flow impact retaining wall, the time history change characteristic data of debris flow impact, and the change characteristic data of debris flow impact signal. The data can be used to analyze the impact characteristics of debris flow under different conditions (such as slurry viscosity, solid ratio, gravel gradation, etc.)
JIAO Pengpeng
The image information data of Beichuan area in Sichuan Province, Ludian area in Yunnan Province and Bijie area in Guizhou Province can be used to construct the interpretation and identification marks of remote sensing images of mountain seismic crack and collapse, reveal the general form of mountain seismic crack and collapse, and evaluate the risk level of specific mountain seismic crack and collapse; The data can be combined with DEM data to mine the development mechanism of mountain seismic crack and collapse. On this basis, we can further study and improve the intelligent identification theory and formation mechanism of mountain seismic crack and collapse, so as to provide indicative significance for looking for the material source of other similar types of seismic crack and collapse. Some of the original data of the project can be used to fully understand the risk of earthquake cracking and collapse in Ludian area.
HAN Zheng
The Jiama porphyry copper deposit in Tibet is one of the proven ultra-large-scale copper deposits in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at present, with the reserves of geological resources equivalent to nearly 20×106 t. However, it features wavy and steep terrain, leading to extremely difficult field operation and heavy interference. This study attempts to determine the effects of the tensor controlled-source audiomagnetotellurics (CSAMT) with high-power orthogonal signal sources (also referred to as the high-power tensor CSAMT) when it is applied to the deep geophysical exploration in plateaus with complex terrain and mining areas with strong interference. The test results show that the high current provided by the highpower tensor CSAMT not only greatly improved the signal-to-noise ratio but also guaranteed that effective signals were received in the case of a long transmitter-receiver distance. Meanwhile, the tensor data better described the anisotropy of deep geologic bodies. In addition, the tests also show that when the transmitting current reaches 60 A, it is still guaranteed that strong enough signals can be received in the case of the transmitter-receiver distance of about 25 km, sounding curves show no near field effect, and effective exploration depth can reach 3 km. The 2D inversion results are roughly consistent with drilling results, indicating that the high-power tensor CSAMT can be used to achieve nearly actual characteristics of underground electrical structures. Therefore, this method has great potential for application in deep geophysical exploration in plateaus and mining areas with complex terrain and strong interference, respectively. This study not only serves as important guidance on the prospecting in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau but also can be used as positive references for deep mineral exploration in other areas.
HE Rizheng
1) Data content: the data in this report involves the structural anatomy of Jiama porphyry metallogenic system and the geological logging information of key boreholes, the detailed alteration and mineralization characteristics of each ore body, as well as the technical methods of scientific deep drilling and deep resource exploration. It is the summary and refinement of deep resource exploration technology and methods, and has passed the expert review and acceptance. 2) Data source and processing: among them, the geological information of construction boreholes is mainly from the detailed geological logging in the field. Accurate mineralization information of boreholes comes from basic rock analysis data. CSAMT data comes from the measured data of other topics. It refers to the laboratory analysis and detection of mineral sources. 3) Comment on data quality: among them, the geochemical analysis data of borehole rocks are subject to the quality inspection of internal and external inspection in the laboratory and meet the relevant technical requirements. Other indoor research data (EPMA data) strictly refer to the test requirements and specifications and meet the quality requirements. 4) Data application achievements and prospects: the positioning and prediction method of deep resources in Jiama mining area can effectively predict deep high-grade resources. At the same time, it provides theoretical support for the breakthrough of deep and peripheral prospecting in the mining area and provides a reference basis for regional exploration and evaluation.
LIN Bin
1) Data content: the data in this report is the rock geochemical analysis data of Jiama 3000m scientific deep drilling (main quantity + micro quantity), which is the data disclosure of detailed mineralization information of 3000m scientific deep drilling. 2) Data source and processing: data source: direct sample collection, cutting, crushing and rough grinding of field drilling, and final analysis in the laboratory. 3) Data quality review: the sample collection fully meets the relevant technical requirements. The sample test refers to the national geochemical analysis specifications and technical requirements, passes the internal and external inspection, and the final report passes the expert review and acceptance. 4) Data application achievements and prospects: the geochemical analysis data of Jiama mining area is a systematic summary of Jiama scientific deep drilling data, which is helpful to establish a typical geochemical exploration model.
LIN Bin
1) Data content: the data in this report mainly includes the thermal infrared and short wave infrared spectrum data of typical boreholes in Jiama mining area. It is the systematic hyperspectral measurement data of the typical section of Jiama porphyry metallogenic system. 2) Data source and processing: the data source is the direct measurement of field front-line instruments. Among them, the short wave infrared spectrum data is measured by fieldspec4 spectrometer produced by American ASD company, and the thermal infrared spectrum is measured by American Agilent 4300 thermal infrared spectrometer. 3) Data quality review: among them, the spectral data measurement is carried out according to the design requirements, and the spectral geologist is adopted ™ (TSG spectral geology expert) analysis software combined with microscopic identification, analysis and processing. 4) Data application achievements and prospects: the hyperspectral data of Jiama mining area is a systematic summary of the spectral data of Jiama thick and large skarn ore body, and a typical spectral exploration model is established, which is helpful to be applied to the exploration and evaluation of similar skarn deposits.
LIN Bin , DAI Jingjing
At present, dense short-period seismic observation has become a passive source seismic observation method with fast and high-density spatial sampling, which can obtain the characteristics of velocity and interface structure under the ore concentration area. Pds-2 short period seismograph (dominant frequency: 1-2HZ) is used for multiple times. The observation is arranged inside and around the ore concentration area. The station spacing is 100m-200m-500m-1000m. The observation lasts for about 2 months. The utilization rate is 100sps or 200sps, and continuous records are made. The data format is minified, and the length of the data file is 1 hour; Pds-2 short period seismograph is powered by built-in lithium battery, which needs to work in the way of manual alternative layout. The overall layout is divided into three times, which are from June 2019 to July 2019, from September 2019 to November 2019 and from August 2020 to September 2020. The amount of data collected is about 800g, and the data completeness reaches 86%.
HE Rizheng
In this study, passive source seismology is used to systematically detect the metallogenic background of the ore concentration area. Therefore, 20 broadband seismic observation points are arranged in Jiama Qulong ore concentration area. The observation period is more than 12 months. The wide-band seismograph arranged in a plane is the integrated wide-band seismograph of nanomatrics horizon in Canada and cmg-3tde in the UK. The data format is minified. Before the actual field data acquisition, the seismometer, digital collector, GPS antenna and continuous power supply system used in the field data acquisition were tested before construction in Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province, so as to ensure that the instrument can work normally in the field work. Most of the stations are located where the environmental interference is as small as possible to minimize the signal interference caused by human or other natural vibrations. However, due to the observation in the ore concentration area, some observation points cannot be avoided. Considering that the work area is located in Tibet, China, with strong light and large interference, in order to ensure high-quality and continuous waveform records on the basis of reducing instrument risks, we adopted the method of digging a pit to build a platform foundation, and established a platform foundation with unified specifications for each instrument. First, dig a large pit with a diameter of 80-90 cm and a depth of about 80 cm at the location where the station is to be arranged. Before digging the pit, ensure that the underground soil is the original soil rather than backfill. When digging the pit, it is best to dig the bedrock. Secondly, after the pit is excavated, arrange a prefabricated cement pier with a thickness of about 20cm and a diameter of about 30cm, then prepare a large plastic bucket with a volume of 200 L, dig holes at the bottom of the bucket, insert the bucket bottom after digging into the cement pier to the greatest extent, and then tamp it with cement or in-situ soil around the cement pier, And punch holes at the appropriate position where the barrel top is higher than the ground as the cable inlet and outlet. When the seismometer is put into the big bucket, a small bucket shall be buckled upside down on the seismometer to ensure that the seismometer is isolated from the small bucket. Finally, fill the inverted bucket and the upright bucket with high-strength sponge, stubborn. There are two advantages: first, it can isolate the seismometer and ensure the stability of internal temperature and pressure conditions; Second, it can ensure the stability of the environment in the barrel and reduce the background noise. Before installing the seismometer, the surface of the cement pier shall be dried first to ensure good contact between the supporting foot of the seismometer and the installation surface. Then use the geological compass for accurate orientation, mark the cement surface with plastic ruler, marker pen and other tools, and draw the pointing line. The pointing line should preferably pass through the center where the seismometer will be placed. After determining the orientation, place the seismometer on the drawn azimuth scale line, and rotate the seismometer to make the copper pointer at the bottom consistent with the pointing line (the copper pointer points to the East). It should be noted that the compass is easily affected by ferromagnetic objects during orientation. Therefore, the compass should be slightly away from sensors, iron tools, etc. Thirdly, connect the corresponding wire to the seismometer and wrap it around the instrument on the cement surface for several weeks. Finally, adjust the sensor foot screws to make the bubbles center and lock the screws. The broadband mobile seismic station observation adopts the continuous waveform recording method for data acquisition, the sampling rate is 100sps, and the GPS continuous signal receiving method is used for positioning, timing and clock calibration.
HE Rizheng
Taking Jiama-Qulong ore concentration area as an example, a set of active and passive source electromagnetic / seismological joint survey technologies which is suitable for deep ore prospecting less than 3km deep is constructed. The detection results of active and passive electromagnetic sources have been verified by method of borehole physical properties, log data of Jiama 3km scientific drilling and tunnel IP anomaly. In addition, based on the preliminary verification of zegulang borehole physical properties within Jiama ore concentration area, Mogulang target area and one concealed ore body area are preliminarily proposed in this study. Using passive-source electromagnetic detection and high-frequency ambient noise surface-wave tomography of short-period dense array, it is revealed that there is a high-resistance and high-velocity anomaly body (temporarily defined as unravel porphyr deposite in Muchang area) exceeding the scale of geophysical anomaly of Jiama-Qulong ore concentration area. Combined with the results of other projects, Jiama and Qulong ore concentration areas and rock geophysical models, the unravel porphyr deposite in Muchang area has the characteristics of porphyry mineralization. Several high-conductor bodies are found under 5km deep between Qulong and Jiama and provide ore-forming material sources for the upper rock mass. Therefore, Jiama-Qulong ore concentration area has the potential conditions for a large resource base. Based on the comprehensive analysis of shallow and crustal S-wave velocity structure and receiver function obtained from passive source observation, the three large rock masses (Jiama, Muchang and Qulong) have common deep metallogenic background conditions. Taking N29.5 ° as the boundary, the crustal structure in the south is complex, which have characteristics as northward diping Moho, and obvious doublet Moho. And, the crust structure in the north is clearly simple, as relatively horizontal Moho. Due to strongly northward collision of Indian platin the south, the crustal structure changes obviously. There is an obvious interface below Moho in the northern region. Combined with the existing data, it is comprehensively speculated that the Jiama-Qulong ore concentration area locates in the key position of difference decoupling between the crust and lithospheric mantle and of Indian plat northward subducted beneath Gandese zone.
HE Rizheng
The Jiama deposit in Tibet is a very typical polymetallic deposit in the Gangdise metallogenic belt. Through theoretical prediction and research, it is believed that concealed porphyry-skarn ore bodies are developed in the deep part of the ore concentration area. However, the exploration model based on the borehole coverage of the mining area has a low degree of prediction of the potential target area in the peripheral area. In this paper, based on the density, magnetic properties, resistivity, and polarizability data of 45 borehole cores in the Jiama deposit, we inverted and analyzed the three-dimensional magnetotelluric sounding data volume covering the Jiama deposit and its periphery. At the same time, based on the GOCAD software platform, through discrete smooth interpolation and stochastic simulation algorithms, we constructed the stratum lithology-geophysical three-dimensional visualization integrated model of the Jiama deposit. Combining the results of 2D geological interpretation of 11 magnetotelluric (MT) profiles, we have finely depicted the development characteristics of 3D skarn bodies below 3000m, and verified them with the Jiama Scientific Deep Drill JMKZ-1 well, which was not involved in the modeling, and the results show a consistency agreement. Besides, by combining the skarn metallogenic model, analyzing the characteristics of the electrical parameters of the Jiama deposit and adjacent areas, and combining the electrical characteristics of the three-dimensional skarn, we predict the favorable Target area of stratified skarn in Jiama deposit. The results of this study provide a demonstration of 3D modeling technology for the evaluation of deep resource potential and the goal of increasing reserves in the mining area.
HE Rizheng
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